Notes of Tan

# MacOS

# Introduction

  1. docs

# Commons

  1. right click — ⌃ click

  2. home / end

    • fn ← and →
    • ⌘ ← and → — move the insertion point
      • backwards / forwards in Chrome
    • ⌥ ↑ and ↓ — ctrl home / end when edit
      • first / last item in Finder
    • ⌘ ↑ and ↓ — ctrl home or ctrl end in Windows
      • move around folder in Finder

  3. page up / down

    • fn ↑ and ↓

  4. ctrl arrow in Windows — ⌥ ← and →

  5. ⌘

    • ⌘ g — find next, with ⇧ to find previous
      • ⌘ e in Chrome — use selection for find
    • ⌥ ⌘ esc — in the Apple menu
    • ⌘ ␣ — Spotlight
    • ⌃ ⌘ ␣ — emojis and symbols
    • ⌃ ⌘ d — the definition of the selected word
    • Spelling
      • ⇧ ⌘ : — Display the Spelling and Grammar window
      • ⌘ ; — Find misspelled words in the document.
    • ⌥ ⌘ f — Show or hide a toolbar in the app
    • ⌥ ⌘ i — Show or hide the inspector window
    • ⌘ +, ⌘ -, ⌘ 0 — zoom
    • ⇧ ⌘ ? — help

# Edit

  1. edit

    • backspace (^?) and delete
      • del — fn delete
      • ⌥ delete, ⌥ backspace — delete word
    • align
      • ⌃ [ — left align
      • ⌃ ] — right align
      • ⇧ ⌃ \ — center align
    • from emacs
      • ⌃ h, ⌃ d — backward-delete-char, delete-char-or-list
      • ⌃ k
      • ⌃ y — yank
      • ⌃ a, ⌃ e — beginning-of-line, end-of-line
      • ⌃ f, ⌃ b — backward-char, forward-char
      • ⌃ l — Center the cursor or selection in the visible area
        • clear in Terminal
      • ⌃ p, ⌃ n
      • ⌃ o — Insert a new line after the insertion point, cursor stays
      • ⌃ t — swap character

  2. input method

    • change order of input sources — tbd
    • emoji, Keyboard viewer — in the input menu, or ⌃ ⌘ ␣
    • popup for accented alphabet — hold the key
      • disable popup — defaults write -g ApplePressAndHoldEnabled -bool false
    • alternative keyboard — hold ⌥, optionally shift
      • show alternative keyboard layout — System Preferences > Keyboard > Input Sources, hold ⌥ key
      • dead key (opens new window)
        • ⌥ e — á, é, í, ó, ú
        • ⌥ ~ — à, è, ì, ò, ù
        • ⌥ u — ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, ÿ
        • ⌥ i — â, ê, î, ô, û
        • ⌥ n — ã, õ, ñ
        • ⌥ c — ç
    • unicode hex input method — hold ⌥ to input chars by unicode hex
    • dash
      • en dash — option -
      • em dash — shift option -
      • Windows — alt 0150 and alt 0151
    • Chinese input method
      • 拆字 — shift + ␣

  3. edit in Terminal — bindkey -M main, ⌥ or esc (^[) as meta key

    • docs
    • arguments — most commands support argument for repeating
      • ⌥ number — digit-argument
      • ⌥ - — neg-argument
    • movement
      • ⌥ left click
      • ^x ⌃ f — vi-find-next-char
      • ^x ⌃ b — vi-match-bracket
      • ⌥ ⇧ | (vim: |) — vi-goto-column, use with number argument
      • ⌥ b, ⌥ f — backward-word, forward-word
      • ⌃ a, ⌃ e — beginning-of-line, end-of-line
      • ⌃ n, ⌃ p — down-line-or-history, up-line-or-history
    • history
      • ⌥ ⇧ < (vim: gg), ⌥ ⇧ > — beginning-of-buffer-or-history, end-of-buffer-or-history
      • ⌃ n, ⌃ p — down-line-or-history, up-line-or-history
      • ⌥ p, ⌥ n — history-search-backward, history-search-forward
      • ^x ⌃ n — infer-next-history, search in the history list for a line matching the current one and fetch the event following it
      • ⌥ ., ⌥ - — insert-last-word, use with positive and negative (can be -0) argument, loop through previous lines when used consecutively
      • ⌥ ,, ⌥ / — _history-complete-newer, _history-complete-older, Complete words from the history
      • search
        • keymap — bindkey -M isearch
        • ⌃ r, ^x r — history-incremental-search-backward, reverse search, a second ⌃ r recalls the previous search
        • ⌃ s, ^x s — history-incremental-search-forward
        • supported functions
          • accept-*
          • backward kill or delete
          • history-incremental-search-forward, history-incremental-search-backward — find next occurrence or invert search
          • quote-insert
          • vi prefixed version of the above and vi-cmd-mode, vi-repeat-search, vi-rev-repeat-search
          • exit — send-break restores, movement commands retains
    • modifying text
      • kill
        • ⌃ h, ⌃ d — backward-delete-char, delete-char-or-list, in Terminal exit if no character when ⌃ d
        • ⌃ w or ⌥ ⌃ h, ⌥ d — backward-kill-word, kill-word
        • ⌃ k, ⌃ u — kill-line, kill-whole-line (remapped to backward-kill-line)
        • ^x ⌃ k — kill-buffer
      • yank
        • ⌃ y — yank
        • ⌥ y — yank-pop, cycle though previously yanked
      • transpose
        • ⌃ t — transpose-chars
        • ⌥ t — transpose-words
      • case
        • ⌥ c, ⌥ l (remapped to ls^J) — capitalize-word, down-case-word
        • ⌥ u — up-case-word
      • join
        • ^x ⌃ j — vi-join
      • selection region
        • ⌥ w — copy-region-as-kill
        • ^x, ⌃ x — exchange-point-and-mark
        • ⌥ " — quote-region
        • ⌃ @ — set-mark-command, Set the mark at the cursor position, also mapped to ⌃ ␣
    • insert
      • ⌃ i, ⌥ ⌃ i — expand-or-complete, self-insert-unmeta, \t
      • ⌃ m, ⌥ ⌃ m — accept-line, self-insert-unmeta, \r
      • ⌃ j, ⌥ ⌃ j — accept-line, self-insert-unmeta, \n
      • ⌃ v — quoted-insert, control sequence, ⌃ v + ⌃ h types "^H", a literal backspace
      • ⌥ ., ⌥ - — insert-last-word, use with positive and negative (can be -0) argument, loop through previous lines when used consecutively
      • ⌥ ⌃ - — copy-prev-word
      • ⌥ m — copy-prev-shell-word
      • ⌥ " — quote-region
      • ⌥ ' — quote-line
      • ^x ⌃ r — _read_comp (opens new window), set the variable _read_comp or insert if already set
      • ^x m — _most_recent_file, supports globbing
    • mode
      • ^x ⌃ o — overwrite-mode
      • ^x ⌃ v — vi-cmd-mode
      • ^x ⌃ e — edit-command-line, edit line in vim
      • ⌥ x — execute-named-cmd, keymap bindkey -M command
        • ⌥ z — execute-last-named-cmd
      • ⌃ g, ⌥ ⌃ g — send-break, Abort the current editor function: Abort the research and restore the original line
      • ⌃ l — clear-screen
      • buffer — registers in vim
        • the ‘yank’ buffer "0, the nine ‘queued’ buffers "1 to "9 — If no buffer is specified for a cut or change command, "1 is used, and the contents of "1 to "8 are each shifted along one buffer; the contents of "9 is lost. If no buffer is specified for a yank command, "0 is used
        • the 26 ‘named’ buffers "a to "z — If a named buffer is specified using a capital, the newly cut text is appended to the buffer instead of overwriting it
        • the ‘black hole’ buffer "_ — When using the "_ buffer, nothing happens. This can be useful for deleting text without affecting any buffers
    • completion
      • ⌃ d — delete-char-or-list, If the cursor is at the end of the line, list possible completions for the current word
      • ⌥ ⌃ d — list-choices
      • tab, ⌃ i — expand-or-complete
      • ^x n — _next_tags, basically same as tab?
      • ⌃ @ — autosuggest-accept (also mapped to ⌃ ␣)
        • deprecated — use below instead
        • accept — history-search-backward, forward-char, end-of-line
        • partial accept — forward-word
      • spelling
        • ⌥ $, ⌥ s — spell-word, Attempt spelling correction on the current word
        • ^x c — _correct_word, spell correction, with choice selection
    • expand or print
      • tab — expand-or-complete
      • ⌥ ␣, ⌥ ! — expand-history (!! for example)
      • ^x ⇧ *, ^x e — expand-word ($PATH expands to the path), _expand_word (with completion selection)
      • ^x g, ^x d — list-expand, _list_expansions, echo that word
      • ^x a — _expand_alias
      • ^x = — ga in vim, what-cursor-position, print char code
    • accept or buffer stack
      • ⌃ m, ⌃ j — accept-line
      • ⌃ o — accept-line-and-down-history, Executes the found command from history, and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing
      • ⌥ a — accept-and-hold, Push the contents of the buffer on the buffer stack and execute it
      • ⌃ q, ⌥ q — push-line, remapped to push-line-or-edit
      • ⌥ h — run-help, Push the buffer onto the buffer stack, and execute the command run-help cmd, where cmd is the current command, run-help is normally aliased to man
      • ⌥ ⇧ ? — which-command, push current and which-command cmd, which-command is normally aliased to whence
      • ⌥ g — get-line, Pop the top line off the buffer stack and insert it at the cursor position
    • undo
      • ⌃ -, ^x u, ^x ⌃ u — undo
      • ⌃ r in vim — redo

# System

  1. navigation — snap aware, in System Preferences > Keyboard > Shortcuts > Keyboard

    • switch navigation on / off — ⌃ F1
    • menu bar navigation — ⌃ F2
    • dock navigation — ⌃ F3
      • hide dock — ⌥ ⌘ d
    • move focus to active or next window — ^ F4
    • move focus to window toolbar — ^ F5
    • move focus to the floating window — ^ F6
    • change the way Tab moves focus — ^ F7
    • move focus to status bar — ^ F8

  2. windows

    • ⌘ h — Hide the windows of the front app. Press Command-Option-H to view the front app but hide all other apps.
      • invisible in mission control
    • ⌘ m — Minimize the front window to the Dock. Press Command-Option-M to minimize all windows of the front app.
      • ⌘ tab can switch to a minimized app but windows of the app will stay minimized
      • invisible in mission control
    • ⌘ w
      • ⌥ ⌘ w — all windows
      • ⇧ ⌘ w — all tabs of this window
    • ⌃ ⌘ f — fullscreen
    • ⌘ tab — app switcher
      • can use arrow keys to switch and show application windows
      • use h to hide and q to quit
      • drag aware
    • ⌘ ~
      • switch between windows of the same app
      • switch backwards when ⌘ tab
    • ⌃ arrow
      • mission control
      • application windows — snap aware
    • open new via double clicking
      • with ⌘ — in a new tab / window
      • with ⌥ — Open the item in a separate window, then close the original window
    • drag app to upper menu bar — mission control
    • scroll bar
      • click — page up / down
      • ⌥ and click — scroll to
    • rectangle (opens new window) app
    • virtual desktops
    • show launchpad and show desktop
      • show launchpad — ⌃ F10, in System Preferences > Keyboard > Shortcuts > Launchpad & Dock
      • show desktop — in System Preferences > Mission Control

  3. force quit app — ⌥ ⌘ esc

  4. boot start

    • login items
    • plist — launchctl list, launchctl unload
      • Apple daemons, agents only — /System/Library/LaunchDaemons, /System/Library/LaunchAgents
        • stop Apple Music from responding to media play button (also affects other apps when using external keyboard)
          launchctl unload -w /System/Library/LaunchAgents/com.apple.rcd.plist
      • 3rd party processes — /Library/LaunchDaemons
      • 3rd agents — /Library/LaunchAgents, ~/Library/LaunchAgents
      • obsolete — /Library/StartupItems and /System/Library/StartupItems
    • kernal extension (kext) — /System/Library/Extensions
    • cron job — cron

  5. volume

    • ⌥ ⇧ volume — Adjust the sound volume in smaller steps
      • also applies to brightness, with ⌃ for external display (if supported)
      • also applies to keyboard brightness

  6. screenshot

    • with ⌃ to save to clipboard
    • ⇧ ⌘ 3 — whole screen
    • ⇧ ⌘ 4 — selection
    • ⇧ ⌘ 5 — general
    • ⇧ ⌘ 6 — touch bar

# Accessibility

  1. tts
    • ⌥ esc

# Terminal

  1. meta key

  2. zsh

    • upgrade_oh_my_zsh

  3. cli

    • open — opens each file using the default application for that file
      open [-e] [-t] [-f] [-W] [-R] [-n] [-g] [-h] [-s <partial SDK name>][-b <bundle identifier>] [-a <application>] [filenames] [--args arguments]
      • open in Finder if directory
      • -a <application> — Opens with the specified application
        open -a Preview file # open in preview
      • -e — Opens with TextEdit
    • defaults — like registry in Windows
      • location — ~/Library/Preferences, /Library/Preferences
      • mouse acceleration — defaults write .GlobalPreferences com.apple.mouse.scaling -1
      • hidden files — defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles -bool true
      • power chime — defaults write com.apple.PowerChime ChimeOnAllHardware -bool false && killall PowerChime
    • ip — ifconfig

  4. command utilities

    • say — text to speech
    • killall — kill processes by name (e.g. Finder)
    • pmset — manipulate power management settings
      • displaysleepnow
      • sleepnow
    • caffeinate — prevent the system from sleeping on behalf of a utility (the assertion releases after the exit of the utility)
      • -t timeout, in seconds
      • -w pid
      • -i utility arguments...
      • -s utility arguments... — the assertion is valid only when on AC power
    • chflags — change file flags
      • hidden
      • schg — system immutable flag
      • uchg — user immutable flag
    • launchpad icon number per row and column
      defaults write com.apple.dock springboard-columns -int 8; defaults write com.apple.dock springboard-rows -int 7; defaults write com.apple.dock ResetLaunchPad -bool TRUE; killall Dock

  5. clear

    • clear to previous mark — ⌘ l

  6. ports — netstat -vanp tcp

    • -a — show the state of all sockets
    • -n — Show network addresses as numbers
    • -p — protocol

# Finder

  1. show hidden files — command + shift + .

  2. Add selected Finder item to the Dock — ⌃ ⇧ ⌘ t

  3. Add the selected item to the sidebar — ⌃ ⌘ t

  4. move after copy — ⌥ ⌘ v

  5. basic operations

    • rename — enter
    • open — ⌘ o
    • del — ⌘ del
    • get info — ⌘ i
    • show origin of alias — ⌘ r
    • preview — ␣ or ⌃ y
      • with ⌥ to preview in fullscreen
    • new folder — ⇧ ⌘ N

  6. move around folder tree

    • ⌘ up arrow
      • with ⌃ to open in new window
    • ⌘ down arrow

  7. drag

    • drag only
    • drag with ⌘ — move
    • drag with ⌥ — copy
    • drag with ⌥ ⌘ — alias

  8. disclose all folder in list view — ⌥ click the disclosure triangle

  9. Select multiple items that are listed together — Click the first item, then press the Shift key and click the last item. All items in between are included in the selection.

  10. View in menu

  11. search — Narrow your search results on Mac - Apple Support (opens new window)

  12. paste image from clipboard — open preview.app, in menu File -> New from Clipboard

# pkg and brew

  1. SHA

    openssl dgst -sha256 ./file

    shasum -a 256 filename

  2. pkg — pkgutil

    • uninstall
      pkgutil --pkgs # list all installed packages
pkgutil --files the-package-name.pkg # list installed files
pkgutil --pkg-info the-package-name.pkg # check the location
cd / # assuming the package is rooted at /...
pkgutil --only-files --files the-package-name.pkg | tr '\n' '\0' | xargs -n 1 -0 sudo rm -f
pkgutil --only-dirs --files the-package-name.pkg | tail -r | tr '\n' '\0' | xargs -n 1 -0 sudo rmdir
sudo pkgutil --forget the-package-name.pkg

  3. Homebrew

    • brew cask — apps
      • overwrite — brew cask install --force
    • brew cleanup
    • brew tap buo/cask-upgrade for brew cu
    • install older version
      1. cd to brew --repo homebrew/cask
      2. git log ./Casks/visual-studio-code.rb
      3. git checkout b9381533f8c8af449c8cb05103afc8418fcf5e4e
      4. brew cask reinstall visual-studio-code
      5. git switch master

  4. appleID association to app — /path_to_app/Contents/_MASReceipt

# Chrome

  1. drag text — hold for a while

  2. install extensions of old version

    1. Crx4Chrome - Download CRX for Chrome Apps & Extensions (opens new window)
    2. CRX Viewer (opens new window)
    3. change update_url to localhost in manifest.json

# Other

  1. customize shortcuts

  2. PDF

    • PDF to image use ghostscript
      gs -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=jpeg -r300 -dJPEGQ=100 -dBATCH -sOutputFile=$PDF-%02d.jpg "$PDF.pdf"